一分钟学写作|《The Elements of Style》写作的基本规则(4)
第二章
写作的基本规则(4)
规则十五
话要从正面说
“肯定”要力求明确。避免使用沉闷单调、吞吞吐吐、含糊暧昧的语言。将not用于“否定”或“对偶”结构,切忌把not用于推诿。
He was not very often on time.
他经常不准时
He usually came late.
他经常迟到
She did not think that studying Latin was a sensible way to use one’s time.
他认为学习拉丁语不是一种明智的利用时间的方法
She thought the study of Latin a waste of time.
他认为学习拉丁语是浪费时间。
The Taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.
(《驯悍记》在有些方面相当差劲。莎士比亚没有把凯瑟琳描写成一个令人钦佩的人物,比恩卡也不可能作为莎士比亚著作中的一个重要角色而长期保留在人们的记忆之中。)
The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.
(《驯悍记》中的那些妇女缺乏吸引力。凯瑟琳令人讨厌,比恩卡无足轻重。)
最后一个例句在修改之前是从反面说的,因面意思不够明确。所以,故写后的句子只是对原作者意图的一种猜测。
所有这三个例句都表明了not这个词内在的弱点。不管自觉与否,读者对了解的仅是否定的东西感到不满,他想了解的是肯定的东西。
因此,一般说来,即使表达的是否定的概念,也最好用肯定形式表达。例如:
not honest
dishonest
not important
trifling
did not remember
forgot
did not pay any attention to
ignored
did not have much confidence in
distrusted
把否定和肯定对偶地放在一起就构成一种更为有力的结构。例如:
Not charity,but simple justice.
不是慈善,纯是正义。
Not that I loved Caesar less,but that I loved Rome more.
不是我不喜欢恺撒,而是我更喜欢罗马。