到底什么的样的论文是“美”的？
在知晓作业要求动笔前，我们先需要知道什么？
当然是，老师的评判标准啦！
知道了论文的各种要求和标准后，我们就可在其主要评价的方面做有针对性的提高，以更好的提高分数与成绩。
这点我们之前也总结过：
要写作业的看过来！Essay&Report的成绩评定标准来啦！
但这些标准定得太笼统了！
今天，我们还是借着Jordan Peterson’s《Essay写作指南》，和大家说道说道，一篇学术写作，到底有多少个层级，有哪些需要遵守的“潜规则”。
先要说，这是一篇长文，我们一口气放出了整个第二章。也就是：
一篇论文有多少层级？
怎么去评价它的好坏？
到底什么最重要？
怎么样去选题？
怎么感受到写作的“美好”？
写作怎么不无聊？
同时为了更好的方便大家理解，我们把 「英语原文直接附在译文下方。」
文章变得更长了，但相信大家的阅读体验会更佳。学习应用也会更加容易。
唔~翻译很渣，还请多多包涵。
阅读全篇大概需要30分钟，可以先收藏哦~
和之前一样，完整英文原版的阅读链接可直接点击【阅读原文】跳转 查看
正文：
乔丹·彼得森的Essay写作指南
第一部分 介绍
第二部分：论文的层级
2.1单词，句子，段落等
任何一篇文章，包括论文在内，都存在多个层级。
An essay, like any piece of writing, exists at multiple levels of resolution, simultaneously.
首先是单词的选择。
First is the selection of the word.
其次是句子的修辞。
Second is the crafting of the sentence.
正确的单词应该正确的使用并放在句子的正确位置。
Each word should be precisely the right word, in the right location in each sentence.
段落即是第三层级。
句子呈现出的思想要以段落想表达的思想为中心，用正确的语法表达出来。
The sentence itself should present a thought, part of the idea expressed in the paragraph, in a grammatically correct manner.
每一个句子都需要合理地在段落中组织排列。
Each sentence should be properly arranged and sequenced inside a paragraph, the third level of resolution.
按照经验，一个段落里至少应该有10个句子或100个单词组成。
As a rule of thumb, a paragraph should be made up of at least 10 sentences or 100 words.
虽说没有谁真的规定段落应该有多少句子，。但是，在真正掌握写作的精髓前，最好还是遵守这条“潜规则”
This might be regarded as a stupid rule, because it is arbitrary. However, you should let it guide you, until you know better. You have very little right to break the rules, until you have mastered them.
这里用个小故事举例，部分摘自一个名为《Codex Bezae（贝赛法典）》的文档：
Here’s a little story to illustrate that idea, taken in part from a document called the Codex Bezae.
❝ Christ is walking down the road on the Sabbath, when good Jews of that time were not supposed to work. In the ditch, he sees a shepherd, trying to rescue a sheep from a hole that it has fallen into. It is very hot and, clearly, the sheep will not be in very good shape if it spends a whole day in the desert sun. On the other hand, it is the Sabbath. Christ looks at the shepherd and says, “Man, if indeed thou knowest what thou doest, thou art blessed: but if thou knowest not, thou art cursed, and a transgressor of the law.” Then he walks on down the road. 在一个安息日里基督在路上走着，犹太人在安息日中不应当工作。在一条深沟里，基督看见一个牧羊人试图救出一个掉进洞的绵羊。天气很热，显然，如果绵羊一整天都暴晒在沙漠的阳光下，一定会被晒死。另一方面，这天是安息日，不允许工作。基督看着牧羊人说：“老兄，如果你确实知道自己的所作所为，你就有福了；但如果你不知道，你就会受诅咒，成为违犯律法者。”说完，他沿着道路离开了。 ❞
❝ 这个故事想表达的是：安息日的存在是有原因的。否则人们会一直工作。那样的话，他们将永远处于不快乐和疲惫中。人们将互相竞争至死。 The point is this: There is a rest day for a reason. Otherwise people would work all the time. Then they would be chronically unhappy and exhausted. They would compete each other to death. 因此，如果让人人都可以休息的时间，那就都休息，不要违反规则。 So if it’s time for everybody to rest, then rest, and don’t be breaking the rule. 但是，当几分钟的举手之劳的工作就可以救起一只可能会被太阳晒死的羊，不去做似乎也不好。 However, it is also not good to let a sheep die in the hot sun, when a few minutes of labor might save it. ❞
因此，如果你尊重规则并意识到规则的重要性，并意识到它是应对未知混乱的堡垒，但 「因为情况的特殊性，仍然决定谨慎地打破规则」-好吧，那么，去打破它吧，你将会从中获得更多的力量。
So, if you are respectful of the rule, and conscious of its importance, and realize that it serves as a bulwark against the chaos of the unknown, and you still decide to break it, carefully, because the particularities of the circumstances demand it – well, then, more power to you.
但是，如果你只是一个粗心，无知，反社会的自恋者，请当心。
If you are just a careless, ignorant, antisocial narcissist instead, however, then look out.
无论明白与否，违反规则都会带来一定风险。
You break a rule at your peril, whether you know it or not.
规则之所以存在是有原因的。除非你是精通写作的“大师”，才有资格打破它们。如果不是，请不要将无知与创造性或风格相混淆。
Rules are there for a reason. You are only allowed to break them if you are a master. If you’re not a master, don’t confuse your ignorance with creativity or style.
按规则进行写作能让作品更易理解，而根据规则阅读，读者能更轻松掌握大概会发生什么。
Writing that follows the rules is easier for readers, because they know roughly what to expect.
「规则是一种惯例。像所有约定一样，它们有时不是最好的。但这种情况不常发生。」
So rules are conventions. Like all conventions, they are sometimes sub-optimal. But not very often.
因此建议首选惯例，例如，把你的段落长度控制在10个句子或100个单词中。
So, to begin with, use the conventions. For example, aim to make your paragraphs about 10 sentences or 100 words long.
一个段落应该用多个句子来表达一个论点，如果连100个词都没有，那可能这并不是一个好论点，那你就需要再考虑一下了。
A paragraph should present a single idea, using multiple sentences. If you can’t think up 100 words to say about your idea, it’s probably not a very good idea, or you need to think more about it.
但一个段落超过了300个词，则可能这当中包含多个小论点，需要再分段。
If your paragraph is rambling on for 300 words, or more, it’s possible that it has more than one idea in it, and should be broken up.
第四层级：从文章的开始到结尾，所有段落都必须按照逻辑顺序进行排列。
All of the paragraphs have to be arranged in a logical progression, from the beginning of the essay to the end. This is the fourth level of resolution.
写论文中最重要的步骤可能就是组织段落间排序与关系。每个段落都是通往最终目的地的阶石。
Perhaps the most important step in writing an essay is getting the paragraphs in proper order. Each of them is a stepping stone to your essay’s final destination.
第五层级即是整篇论文本身。
The fifth level of resolution is the essay, as a whole.
可能文章本身并没有什么问题，每个单词，句子和段落-甚至段落顺序都问题-但仍可能是一篇失败的文章，因为文章即不有趣也不重要。
Every element of an essay can be correct, each word, sentence, and paragraph – even the paragraph order – and the essay can still fail, because it is just not interesting or important.
那些写作技巧很强但缺乏创意的写作者很难理解这样的失败，因为评论家也很难直言这一点。
It is very hard for competent but uninspired writers to understand this kind of failure, because a critic cannot merely point it out.
他们的问题往往也没有答案，“我到底在哪里犯错了？” 并没有，就是文章本身单纯不好而已。
There is no answer to their question, “exactly where did I make a mistake?” Such an essay is just not good.
「没有新意或创造力的论文可能属于此类。」
An essay without originality or creativity might fall into this category.
有时，一个有创造力的人（在技术上不擅长写作）会犯相反的错误：他们用词贫乏，句子的句法结构也不好，段落的组织性很差，段落之间缺乏逻辑，但是整个文章仍然可以很成功，是因为 「其中蕴藏着作者拼命想表达的宝贵的思想。」
Sometimes a creative person, who is not technically proficient as a writer, can make the opposite mistake: their word choice is poor, their sentences badly constructed and poorly organized within their paragraphs, their paragraphs in no intelligible relationship to one another – and yet the essay as a whole can succeed, because there are valuable thoughts trapped within it, wishing desperately to find expression.